To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

To Kill a Mockingbird      The book To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is a novel composed with a specific substance that is deficient in numerous books of the twentieth Century. Harper Lee had the option to compose this book, which vigorously speaks to an exceptionally powerful arrangement of ethics, such that communicates her suppositions, as opposed to contaminating different people’s convictions.      In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee presented her emotions towards the foul play that occurs in our equity framework, the manners in which that isolation and separation are once in a while neglected in our general public, and that you can’t completely comprehend somebody else’s supposition until you â€Å"climb into his skin and stroll around in it.† She had the option to communicate her perspectives through these topics, without being excessively manipulative. The foul play in our society’s equity framework is spoken to by the preliminary of Tom Robinson. A lady named Mayella Ewell blamed Tom Robinson for assault. Despite the fact that Tom’s legal advisor, Atticus Finch, had the option to demonstrate that Tom couldn't have assaulted Mayella, Tom is seen as blameworthy on the grounds that he is a person of color, and as per Atticus when he attempts to portray what befell his little girl â€Å"Scout,† an appointed authority will consistently accept a white woman’s word, regardless of how low she is in the standing framework to any dark man’s word. This is only one of the many disregarded methods of isolation.      Harper Lee additionally communicates her perspectives on how misleading numerous Americans were the point at which it came to isolation. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee depicts a primary teacher that reproves how the Jewish individuals were treated by Hitler, yet she sees nothing amiss with the way that Tom Robinson is being treated for only being blamed for assault by Mayella Ewell. Another point that Harper Lee clarifies is by portraying that there is a gathering of individuals who run noble cause to fund-raise for the individuals of Africa, in light of the fact that the Africans lead lives which are so dreadful, yet they totally disregard that there are African-Americans living in a similar town who live as inadequately as they would in Africa, however nobody appears to notice and care about them.      One of the last topics that Harper Lee presents is that it is difficult to comprehend any other person except if you â€Å"climb into his skin and stroll around in it.† For example, there is a character named Boo To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: expositions research papers To Kill a Mockingbird      The book To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is a novel composed with a specific substance that is deficient in numerous books of the twentieth Century. Harper Lee had the option to compose this book, which vigorously speaks to an exceptionally strong arrangement of ethics, such that communicates her feelings, as opposed to profaning different people’s convictions.      In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee presented her emotions towards the foul play that occurs in our equity framework, the manners in which that isolation and segregation are here and there disregarded in our general public, and that you can’t completely comprehend somebody else’s sentiment until you â€Å"climb into his skin and stroll around in it.† She had the option to communicate her perspectives through these topics, without being excessively manipulative. The unfairness in our society’s equity framework is spoken to by the preliminary of Tom Robinson . A lady named Mayella Ewell blamed Tom Robinson for assault. Despite the fact that Tom’s legal advisor, Atticus Finch, had the option to demonstrate that Tom couldn't have assaulted Mayella, Tom is seen as liable on the grounds that he is an individual of color, and as per Atticus when he attempts to portray what befell his girl â€Å"Scout,† an adjudicator will consistently accept a white woman’s word, regardless of how low she is in the position framework to any dark man’s word. This is only one of the many ignored methods of isolation.      Harper Lee likewise communicates her perspectives on how misleading numerous Americans were the point at which it came to isolation. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee depicts a primary teacher that reproves how the Jewish individuals were treated by Hitler, yet she sees nothing amiss with the way that Tom Robinson is being treated for simply being blamed for assault by Mayella Ewell. Another point that Harper Lee clarifies is by portraying that there is a gathering of individuals who run good cause to fund-raise for the individuals of Africa, in light of the fact that the Africans lead lives which are so horrendous, yet they totally disregard that there are African-Americans living in a similar town who live as ineffectively as they would in Africa, however nobody appears to notice and care about them.      One of the last subjects that Harper Lee presents is that it is difficult to comprehend any other person except if you â€Å"climb into his skin and stroll around in it.† For example, there is a character named Boo

Cognition domains Essay

Occasions that occur in an adolescent’s life can influence one of three areas; these three spaces are known as ‘psychosocial’ ‘cognitive’ and ‘biophysical’. This exposition will concentrate on the zone of the comprehension space now this area will be examined corresponding to an occasion that has influenced my impression of my general surroundings, the manner in which I feel comparable to fault and judgment and ultimately the capacity to figure out how to be increasingly intelligent. My recognition on life changed quickly when I was educated regarding a sad mishap concerning the self destruction of a family companion. This caused a quick change in the manner I contemplated demise, pain and pity. â€Å"David Elkind recommended that formal operational idea additionally prompts juvenile egocentrism (trouble separating one’s own musings and feelings)† (Sigelman, Rider, De George-Walker, Pg 173, 2013) This has affected the way that I take a gander at the world having experienced this experience I currently observe that people’s recognition can change regardless. I surmise what’s attempting to be said is that everyone’s recognition is extraordinary and it is changing because of the encounters that we as a whole experiencing in our regular daily existences. The judgment that came after the disaster was extraordinary. Greg Newham will consistently be adored and incredibly missed yet never will he be overlooked. Was it my issue that he passed on? Greg Newham was an instructor. In the event that I had visited him when the chime rang after school would he despite everything be here today? I didn't comprehend his wife’s choice to not release me to the burial service. What's more, along these lines, since I never got the chance to state my last farewell it is difficult to give up. Difficult to proceed onward. A book composed by Temple University in the USA about looking for conclusion states â€Å"closure commonly suggests that something is done, finished, shut. At long last you can move on† (2014). Without conclusion I feel that I am continually making a decision about myself. Continually scrutinizing my thought processes, thinking about whether I could have accomplished more. The last part of intellectual improvement that was influenced by this experience was learning. It is difficult to live with the information that someone’s demise was your issue, regardless of whether soundly you know it wasn’t. Those deserted never generally get familiar with the reasons regarding why they hurt themselves and people around them. Bronfenbrenner’s perspective on a creating individual, with his or herâ biological and mental qualities are inserted in a progression of natural frameworks which interface with one another and with the person after some time to affected turn of events. (Sigelman, Et.al, 2013), with all the formative occasions that we as a whole experience any reasonable person would agree that the learning side of our intellectual advancement is continually evolving. This article was composed to clarify the effects of our regular day to day existences and how it influences our psychological area. With information disclosed from Bronfenbrenner and David Elkind it is obvious to state that the decisions we make today do for the most part completely change ourselves somehow or another/s. I never totally comprehended the effects from my life could change the manner in which I see and consider everything that I do today. References; Sigelman, Rider and De George-Walker, 2013, Life Span Human Development. Sanctuary University, USA, 2014, http://www.temple.edu/tempress/chapters_1800/2136_ch1.pdf

How to Write an Exemplification Essay

How to Write an Exemplification EssayThere are many different courses you can take in college to learn how to write an exemplification essay. One of the courses that is particularly important is the one on essay writing. This course will help you in learning how to write an exemplification essay and this is because of the way the course instructor will help you to understand the basic aspects of the topic.In order to learn how to write an exemplification essay, you have to make sure that you have the right resources. This means that you need to make sure that you get access to a course on writing. You also need to make sure that you are equipped with the skills to use those tools. You also need to have all the tools and materials needed in order to make the first draft of your exemplification essay.Writing is not as easy as most people think. Writing is a very painstaking and arduous job that requires a lot of determination and dedication. For most students, they do not have the righ t mindset to put forth their best effort in this process. In order to learn how to write an exemplification essay, you should be disciplined and determined to accomplish the task at hand. You should also put yourself in a position where you can follow the right methods when it comes to creating an exemplification essay.Once you learn how to write an exemplification essay, you can make it more powerful and impactful. It will also have a direct bearing on the readers and hence it will be able to attract attention. You will also be able to learn how to write an exemplification essay that is unique from others.It is important to remember that no matter how good you are at writing, it is only possible to learn through experience. The kind of writing you use should be based on what is the subject of your essay. If it is not related to the subject, it is unlikely that you will be able to write an exemplification essay that will appeal to the readers.Make sure that the ways you utilize when writing an exemplification essay is one that will aid in capturing the attention of the potential readers. You also need to be able to make the first draft in a manner that it will be easily accessible. Since this is not as easy as it seems, you should ensure that you use the best and most efficient writing method.After you learn how to write an exemplification essay, you should be able to capture the attention of your potential readers. This is only possible if you write in a manner that you can control and be in charge of the project. If you do not take control of the entire project, it may not turn out to be what you had in mind.So if you want to learn how to write an exemplification essay, there are many ways you can do this. You should be able to learn how to write an exemplification essay in a manner that will work in your favor. In order to make this happen, you should use all the possible methods and techniques that are available.

Objectives And General Principles Of Mergers Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2345 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The panel of mergers and takeovers was established in 1968, in U.K, and since then has worked as an administrating body of the city code on mergers and takeovers. The fundamental objective of this body is to ensure that all the shareholders are treated fairly, on an equal basis, in cases of mergers and takeovers. The panel of takeovers and mergers is a chief body in U.K who acts as a regulator on these issues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Objectives And General Principles Of Mergers Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The pillars/ proposition on which the code rests are: Equal treatment of all the shareholders belonging to the same class of shares. Basically, this proposition ensures the fair treatment of all the shareholders involved To enable the shareholders to make the best decision for themselves, the code ensures that they have timely information which is accurate and relevant, and may influence shareholder decision for their best interest The code also ensures that true market mechanisms are the only reflective of the prices of the security and no artificial factor affects them i.e. no false markets The board will not take any decision without prior knowledge of the shareholders. General principles The six general principles are the pillars on which the code rests upon. These general principles are basically the statements of good standards of commercial behavior. Besides, the general principles are further branched out into 38 rules, which are elaborated by their respective notes. The notes serve both to expand and explain the respective rule. The following figure highlights some of the vital rules of the code: rrrr.bmp  [1]  Adapted from General principles and rules, the Takeover Panel. Economic reasons for acquisitions and mergers Reasons There may be many motives behind the merger or acquisitions of companies. Each company may have its own set of unique reasons for going for either merger or acquisition. However, the reasons that may be common to all cases include: One possible reason behind merger or acquisition may be the consolidation of markets. The products most firms today are similar in nature, differentiated only to slight extents. The merger or acquisition may be a possible option in face of competing markets that would reduce the number of firms competing in the market and make them more consolidated. Merger or acquisition is a quick way of increasing the capacity of the firm. In addition, the acquired or merged firm both is from the same industry, and therefore would have similar expertise. No costs are incurred on training or obtaining machinery etc. Mergers and acquisitions also present the advantage of decreasing long run average cost as it begins to realize the economies of scale due to larg e scale production. A firm may feel that a gap exists in its existing portfolio and it is not catering fully to the market needs. A firm may sometimes want to counter a decline in sales of one industry by acquiring a firm in another industry. A firm may also wish to counter seasonal trends. All this can be achieved through mergers and acquisitions. A firm may merge with, or acquire another firm in a different industry, or selling products that the firms existing portfolio lacks. Another motive behind mergers and acquisitions is the forward and backward integration, towards the distribution channels, or backwards towards the sources of raw materials. In both cases, the motive is to have a stronger hold on the stages of the value chain, and may also be to restrict the supply to competing firms. Firms may also wish to have a greater access to technology, skills or sources of finances. The amalgamated firms of course have more vistas of opportunity when they operate as a single entity. Tax aversion may be another motive. Most countries laws levy more tax on idle cash than on operating businesses/assets. A merger or acquisition would not only enhance the operations of a firm and provide more sources of income, but would also provide tax exemptions. Reasons why expected economic benefits may not be achieved The potential advantages of mergers and acquisitions presented above may not offer the same benefits to all the stakeholders, and therefore a conflict of interest may not lead to benefit of all. The mergers and acquisitions are mostly from the organizations perspective, seeing only its economic gain, and therefore may overlook other stakeholders such as the customers and employees. One issue that must be addressed is that whether the management will be able to run both businesses simultaneously. Also, there remains a question whether the combined entity will be a as efficient as the two businesses operating independently. The clash of organizational cultures, structure and design further aggravate the problem and the economic benefits may not materialize. The change in the work environment, management and employee behavior might stop the firm from gaining the desired benefits. The firm must, therefore, try to arrive at a compromise which addresses the interests of all stakeholders. To sum up, the probable reasons which might stop the merger or acquisition to deliver the economic benefits that the firm may be expecting are: Human factor Difference in cultures Lack of integration Transition carried out without regarding employees sensitivity Lack of productivity due to unhappy workforce The company must have an integration plan in place for the post-merger or post- acquisition situation, to smoothly lead the transition from being a single entity to a combined one. Failure to incorporate an integration plan may cause the potential benefits of the amalgamation to transform into drawbacks and losses. To say in a nut shell, any decision to carry out a merger or acquisition should consider not only the legal and financial implications, but also the human consequences the effect of the deal upon the two companies managers and employees. It is upon them, ultimately, that the fate of the newly-merged company will depend. Part II Long term funding options available for unquoted Small and Medium Business Enterprises, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these funding options The following figure shows the long term funding options available to small and medium business enterprises: Type of funding Advantages Disadvantages Internal funds No accountability to third party Flexibility since there are no payment terms Credit score ratings are not affected Limited sources of finance Unlimited liability Loans bigger amounts can be borrowed Lower interest rates than overdrafts Regular repayments help to forecast cashflow Less flexible than compared to overdraft Inability to pay during designated time leads to further financial problems Overdrafts Borrowed amounts is flexible within limits Interest paid only on borrowed amounts Easy availability in time of need Quick and good source of cash backup Cannot be used for large borrowing Higher interest rates than loans Bank can ask for repayment anytime Overdrafts are secured against assets, and therefore put assets at stake in case of non payment Leasing and hire purchase arrangements Medium term funding regular nature helps plan cash flows payments are fixed, and therefore easy to plan payments Hire purchase and leasing agreements are long term commitments Variable rate payments makes it difficult to plan Stock market equity and corporate bond issues Source of cash flows finances can usually be kept for an indefinite period A Company can raise more capital than it could borrow. No repayment of principle amount Loss of Control Responsibility to shareholders for dividend payments Asset Disclosure Risk of takeover by rivals Dilution of value Venture capital or private equity Funding is restricted to the business project Venture capitalists can bring important skills, links and knowledge to your business. Venture capitalist can aid with secisionmaking and strategy In case of growth and profitability, further funding can be provided by the same investors Raising equity finance is time consuming and costly Have to provide info to potential investors Loss of decision making power Asset-based finance such as factoring and invoice discounting Small companies can usually get more cash more quickly than they could from a traditional bank loan. Asset-based lenders and factors offer a variety of services that encompass accounts receivable processing, collections and invoicing. Using assets to raise money causes profits cut. Part III Arguments for and against foregoing distribution of dividends and investing the funds saved The dividend policy always has some tradeoffs. Sometimes paying dividends means retaining little from the income. Conversely, as proposed by the director, not paying the dividends means that the profit is retained and invested. This means a lesser reliance on externally generated funds. The tradeoff should be made keeping in mind the firms objectives, whether paying dividends to the shareholders is more important, or whether investment would be more beneficial in long run.The two cases are a tradeoff between shareholders receiving dividend in short run, and the value of their stock increasing due to the investment. The residual dividend theory states that dividends should only be paid when there are residual earnings after investment purpose. However, if the shareholders are not happy with the no-payment policy, they may sell their shares to obtain an income. The arguments against the nonpayment of dividend are that shareholders are not usually pleased when they are not pa id dividends. However, if it is communicated to them that the income would then be used to finance investments projects, they might as well support the nonpayment as the investment ultimately improves the value of the firm and its shares. According to the corporate document repository  [2]  , the major reasons for using retained earnings to finance new investments, rather than to pay higher dividends and then raise new equity for the new investments, are as follows: The management of many companies believes that retained earnings are funds which do not cost anything, although this is not true. However, it is true that the use of retained earnings as a source of funds does not lead to a payment of cash. (Basic finance for marketers, 1997) The dividend policy of the company is in practice determined by the directors. From their standpoint, retained earnings are an attractive source of finance because investment projects can be undertaken without involving either the share holders or any outsiders. (Basic finance for marketers, 1997) The use of retained earnings as opposed to new shares or debentures avoids issue costs. (Basic finance for marketers, 1997) The use of retained earnings avoids the possibility of a change in control resulting from an issue of new shares. (Basic finance for marketers, 1997) Alternatives to cash dividends Dividend may be paid out in the form of stocks, and therefore is not a true dividend as it is not paid out in cash. This has the effect of diluting the share value by increasing the number of outstanding shares. Dividend reinvestment policy, DRIP, is another alternative to cash dividends. DRIP gives shareholders a chance to reinvest the money they would receive as cash dividend into additional shares of stock. DRIP is attractive as shareholders do not have to pay brokerage commission on stock purchase. Spin off shares are also referred to as property dividends in which a corporation gives out some valuable property to shareholders instead of cash dividends. The spin off shares may be shares of a subsidiary that the company owns. Past trends show that mostly spin offs are better than the parent company in terms of performance, and hence shareholders are better off. Shareholders may go for a no-dividend or low-dividend policy when it is communicated to them that for companys health and stock price, they may have to forgo cash dividends. Advantages and disadvantages of share repurchases, i.e. a company purchasing its own shares. Share repurchases reduce the number of outstanding shares of a company, thereby giving the shares a larger ownership in the company. The advantages and disadvantages of share repurchases are as follows: Advantages There is no additional tax imposed on share repurchases, and therefore it is a good way to increase the capital of shareholders. The equity/ownership of the shareholders increases and this means a greater potential of profits and dividends on shares. The share repurchases basically reduce the number of outstanding shares of the company. This is favorable as it reduces the dilution of the shares. Share repurchases reduce the number of outstanding shares. This means that a greater proportion of companys retained earnings are attributable to each outstanding share. Therefore, the EPS(earning per share) increases. Share repurchases reduces the fear from the corporate raiders. Undervalued shares of a profitable company are very attractive to companies seeking to acquire that company. Share repurchases, in effect, reduces this risk as the company repurchases its own shares. Furthermore, the future profit from these shares also goes to the company itself. Share repurchase may give out a positive signal to the public, as they may think management is repurchasing the shares because it thinks it is undervalued. Income received from share repurchases is the capital gain for a company. The repurchased stock can be resold to raise money when needed. Stock repurchases provide an internal investment opportunity to the corporation. If a firm wants to alter its capital structure, stock repurchase is an available option. Buybacks also has the advantage of eliminating minority group of stockholders. Also, it reduces the costs incurred by the firms in servicing small stockholders. Disadvantages There is an opportunity cost for every decision made by businesses today. The money used in buying back of shares could have been invested to a more optimal use, which perhaps would generate return on assets. Different financial metrics have different results of share repurchases. A buy back could result in a higher debt ratio. If the stock buybacks are issued to the companys management, the number of outstanding shares would remain the same and therefore no positive impact on EPS. If the public perceives that company is buying back its shares because it does not have any investment opportunity, this may be unfavorable for the company. Firm may have to pay penalties if the regulatory authorities such as the IRS think that buyback was to avoid taxes. A firm may end up paying a higher price for its own share if it has to bid up the prices of the shares.

Hadrians Wall History of the Roman Britain Wall

Hadrian was born on January 24, 76 A.D. He died on July 10, 138, having been emperor since 117. He counted his dies imperii August 11, although his predecessor, the empire-expanding Trajan, had died some days earlier. During Hadrians rule, he worked on reforms and consolidated the Roman provinces. Hadrian toured his empire for 11 years. Not all was peaceful. When Hadrian tried to build a temple to Jupiter on the site of Solomons temple, the Jews revolted in a war lasting three years. His relations with the Christians were generally not confrontational, but during Hadrians stay in Greece (123-127) he was initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries, according to Eusebius, and then, with new-found pagan zeal, persecuted local Christians. It is claimed Trajan, his adoptive father, had not wanted Hadrian to succeed him but was thwarted by his wife, Plotina, who covered up her husbands death until she could make sure of Hadrians acceptance by the Senate. After Hadrian became emperor, suspicious circumstance surrounded the assassination of leading military figures from Trajans reign. Hadrian denied involvement. Remaining Artifacts Mementos of Hadrians reign—in the form of coins and the many building projects he undertook—survive. Most famous is the wall across Britain that was named Hadrians Wall after him. Hadrians Wall was built, beginning in 122, to keep Roman Britain safe from hostile attacks from the Picts. It was the northernmost boundary of the Roman empire until early in the fifth century. The wall, stretching from the North Sea to the Irish Sea (from the Tyne to the Solway), was 80 Roman miles (about 73 modern miles) long, 8-10 feet wide, and 15 feet high. In addition to the wall, the Romans built a system of small forts called milecastles (housing garrisons of up to 60 men) every Roman mile along its entire length, with towers every 1/3 mile. Sixteen larger forts holding from 500 to 1000 troops were built into the wall, with large gates on the north face. To the south of the wall, the Romans dug a wide ditch, (vallum), with six-foot-high earth banks. Today many of the stones have been carted away and recycled into other buildings, but the wall is still there for people to explore and walk along, although the latter is discouraged. Further Reading ï » ¿Divine, David: Hadrians Wall. Barnes and Noble, 1995.

Late Adulthood Essay - 776 Words

Late Adulthood (age 60 – 80) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During this closing period in the life span of human beings, people tend to â€Å"move away† from previous more desirable periods often known as â€Å"usefulness†. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Age sixty is usually considered the dividing line between middle and old age. It is the time where you are considered an â€Å"elderly†- meaning somewhat old or advanced beyond middle age. Period of decline – comes partly from physical and partly psychological factors. The physical cause of decline is a change in the body cells due to the effects of the aging process. The psychological cause of decline has something to do with unfavorable attitudes towards oneself, other people, work and life†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hair becomes gray or white and lessens Trunk Region – nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shoulders stoop and seem smaller nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Abdomen bulges and droops nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hips become flabbier and broader nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Woman’s breasts sag and droop Limbs – nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The upper arm becomes flabby and heavy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lower arms seem to shrink nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hands and feet become scrawny and veins begin to appear nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nails become thick and brittle nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Internal Changes – nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Bones become brittle and are subject to fractures andShow MoreRelatedLate Adulthood Observation : Early Adulthood1541 Words   |  7 PagesLate Adulthood Observation The group I chose to observe is late adulthood. 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However thereRead MoreRelationship Between Adulthood And Late Adulthood944 Words   |  4 PagesJournal #8: Relationships Young Adulthood to Late Adulthood During early adulthood ages twenty to forty, people enter the achieving stage according to the developmental psychologist K. Warner Shaie. In this stage young adults begin to be more focused on making decisions on what to do for the rest of their lives and whom to form relationships with. These decisions will soon make up the core of their happiness throughout adulthood. According to the psychologist Erik Erikson, this challenge of formingRead MoreLate Adulthood Essay788 Words   |  4 PagesLate Adulthood (age 60 Ââ€" 80) During this closing period in the life span of human beings, people tend to move away from previous more desirable periods often known as usefulness. Age sixty is usually considered the dividing line between middle and old age. 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International Business Management Analysis of Indian Agricultural Ind

Question: Describe about the PESTEL Analysis of Indian Agricultural Industry? Answer: Executive Summary This report involved the performance of critical analysis of the external environment as applicable in respect to Indian agriculture industry with a view to assess the expansion of Nu-Farm within such markets. The performance of analysis has been carried out through the application of PESTLE analytical tool and based on the analysis, it has been evaluated that the political conditions as prevalent in Indian markets are highly supportive in respect to the crop protection initiatives as undertaken by firms. The economic factors have indicated that there is a requirement for crop protection measures in India so that Indian farmers can be positively benefitted. This has been a positive factor from the point of view of supporting the growth and performance of Nu-Farm in Indian markets. The analysis has also indicated that the socio cultural condition as prevalent within Indian farmers is that they do not consider the usage of chemicals in treating their agricultural produce and there are legal laws that are applicable to the performance of the crop and seed protection in India. The overall condition is identified as supportive in respect to Indian markets and this led to the recommendation that Nu-Farm should perform expansion of its business processes in Indian markets. Introduction Businesses perform the expansion of their business activities into international markets with a view to achieve higher level of growth and expansion. However, in performing such expansion into international markets, they are required to consider large number of factors as prevalent within such international markets so that they can achieve higher level of growth and success in it. A complete environmental analysis is important from the point of view of achieving higher level of success in such international markets. The analysis of the external environment conditions can be performed through the application of strategic analytical tools such as PESTLE analysis (Hill and Jones, 2009). This has been an important tool that allows for analysing large range of areas such as political conditions, economic conditions, socio cultural and technological environment including the legal and ecological environment that affects the performance of business. These are important areas and an analysis of these areas is crucial from the point of view of achieving efficient expansion of business processes into international markets. Scope of the Report: This report is focused towards performing an analysis of Nu-Farm with respect to its expansion into the markets of India. This report proposes the expansion of Nu-Farm into the Indian markets and the analysis specifically focused towards performing an analysis of the external environment conditions of Indian markets. This has been performed through the consideration of PESTEL analytical tool to analyse the ways in which Nu-Farm is affected by different environmental conditions. The company is looking to achieve higher level of growth in the Asian markets, and as such, this report focuses towards expansion of Nu-Farm in the Indian markets. Company Background: The Company as selected for the purpose of analysis is Nu-Farm. An analysis of Nu-Farm indicates that it is an Australian manufacturing company that accounts for the production of products that are designed in order to ensure protection of agricultural products. It is based in Australia and the company is operating since 50 years, and it has continuously engaged in the production of wide range of crop protection products over the years. There is large range of extensive teams of agricultural and horticultural specialists that helps Australian farmers in performing the agricultural production in a sustainable manner. It is known as a largest manufacturer with an extensive distribution network of regional service centres. The company operates not only at the local level, but there has been extensive level of network of the company that is expanded worldwide (Nu-Farm, 2015). Research Methodologies Used: The research methodology that has been utilised in collecting data about the environmental analysis facing the agricultural industry in India is secondary research method whereby a critical analysis of scholarly articles, books and online sources is performed. The quality of data as utilised in this report is academically sound because they are collected from the academic sources such as journals and books. PESTEL Analysis of Indian Agricultural Industry Since Nu-Farm is considering its expansion into the Indian agricultural industry, it is quite essential to perform a market environment analysis so that the decision of expanding into the Indian markets would be undertaken in an efficient manner. This section of analysis therefore analyses the various important ways in which different environmental situation could affect the performance of Nu-Farm in the market so as to ensure the development of appropriate strategies in minimising the adverse effect of such environmental situations. An analysis of different such factors that have the potential to affect Nu-Farm in such Indian markets is performed as follows: Political Conditions: The political condition of an economy has a direct level of impact over the performance of entire industry/sector in particular. Such political conditions mainly imply the persistence of government control over the performance of the industry, or governmental decisions affecting the performance of the entire sector. An analysis of the case of Nu-Farm indicates that it provides crop protection products and this implies that the company caters to the need and requirement of agricultural industry. The case analysis of Indian economy with respect to agricultural industry performance indicates that there has been significant control of Indian government over the performance of such agricultural industry in particular. There are several kinds of acts and legislations that monitor and regulate the performance of the industry. As for instance, there is an act known as Destructive Insects and Pests Act 1914 that is operational in India and the main purpose of this act ha s been to prevent the introduction of any kinds of insect, fungus or other kinds of pest that may impact the performance of crops (Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2014). It is not only the above indicated act, but the Indian government is positively engaged in the protection of crops in a positive manner. There are a large number of schemes that have been introduced by the Indian government aimed at protecting the crops across the country. An analysis indicates that there has been the introduction of International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) 1951 being performed and this scheme positively supports the protection of crops across India. The primary objective of the scheme has been to prevent the introduction and spread of exotic pests that are destructive to crops and it also aims at facilitating the safe global trade of crops by way of assisting the producers and exporters. There are various important activities that are carried out as a part of ensuring protection of crops within this scheme and these include inspection of imported agricultural commodities in preventing the introduction of exotic pests (Department of Agriculture and Cooperatio n, 2014). The scheme also looks back towards different important areas in ensuring that the complete level of protection of crops is being ensured. It mainly includes detection of exotic pests and diseases that are already introduced through the application of domestic quarantine regulations, performing pest risk analysis (PRA) in order to finalise the import of plant/material etc. These initiatives by the Indian government in the form of various such schemes are aimed at ensuring the complete level of protection of crops so that agricultural productivity can be enhanced. Seed is the basic and most crucial input from the point of view of sustaining agricultural performance and its protection is therefore essential from the point of view of promoting entire agricultural performance. The Indian government has performed a major restructuring of the seed industry by way of introducing measures that are aimed at protecting the crops and ultimately the agricultural industry as a whole (Indian Seed S ector, 2014). Thus, the analysis of the political conditions as prevalent across India with respect to governing the crops indicates that there has been higher level of governmental interference in the process. This suggests that Nu-Farm has to comply with the necessary legislations in order to perform the introduction of its business in Indian markets. There are tighter regulations aimed at preserving the agricultural environment and its performance across India and it is therefore essential that these conditions should be adequately addressed for the purpose of efficiently doing business in the Indian markets. There are regulations aimed at governing the import of seeds and other crop materials and since Nu-Farm is aimed at providing materials that ensure protection of agricultural crops from being affected by insects, there is good potential that Nu-Farm is positively allowed in doing its business because the main purpose of the offerings of Nu-Farm complies with that of the requirements for In dian government in importing seeds (Plant Protection, 2014). As Nu-Farm provides products that are aimed at protecting the agricultural crops, the analysis of the main purpose of Indian government behind framing the above indicated policies is to ensure that crops are being protected and agricultural productivity is improved. This can be positively accomplished by the Indian farmers by way of considering the usage of large number of products that are provided by Nu-Farms in ensuring the protection of seeds. This higher level of compatibility of the offerings of Nu-Farm with that of the political conditions that are prevalent across India suggests that there has been higher opportunities available to it in achieving higher level of success and growth in its performance. Overall, the assessment of the political conditions across Indian markets implies that the market has been supportive from the point of view of Nu-Farm expanding its operations and there would be higher level of compatibility that it would witness with that of Indian government policies in importing crop related items (Natural Disasters and Crop Protection, 2014). Economical Conditions: Apart from the political conditions, the role of economic conditions is also crucial as it directly impacts the performance of an industry. The economic factor indicates about the growth of the entire industry and since Nu-Farm is focused towards providing products that is aimed at protecting the agricultural crops in the industry. An analysis with respect to the economic performance of the Indian crop protection industry indicates that the prediction as made by FICCI implies that the industry will grow at 12%. From the point of view of performance of Indian economy in terms of crop protection, it has been analysed that the industry has not been effective in assuring the protection of crops. As for instance, the Indian Journal of Ecology Report indicates that crop losses because of non usage of pesticides were about 17.5% in India in 2011. The loss as a result of this has been identified as Rs 90000 crores which has been a massive loss faced by the industry (In dian crop protection industry will grow at 12%, predicts FICCI, 2015). This particular economic condition in respect to the economic performance of Indian economy with respect to crop protection industry suggests that there has been ample of opportunities left in the industry for the crop protection solution provider to achieve better performance in respect to Indian farmers and thereby accounting for both the economys growth and the companys growth. The prediction as made in respect to the growth of Indian crop protection industry suggests that the compound annual growth rate of 12% is expected by the financial year 2019 to reach a figure of $7.5 billion. However, the current performance as estimated was around $4.25 billion in financial year 2014. The Indian crop protection industry has been identified as extensively huge as it is considered as second largest in Asia with a size of above Rs 26000 crores. The percapita consumption of crop protection products in India is identified as lowest in the world, and this has affected the performance of agricul ture in a adverse way (Indian crop protection industry will grow at 12%, predicts FICCI, 2015). The main issue that has been noted in respect to the Indian farmers is that they are uneducated which restricts them from adapting appropriate measures aimed at ensuring efficient level of attainment of productivity in their performance. It is therefore essential that there should be appropriate measures that should be considered by the Indian government along with the manufacturers in educating Indian farmers. This could be by way of working positively with the farmers by these manufacturers in educating them so that they can undertake appropriate measures aimed at enhancing the overall productivity level of agricultural sector in the economy which would account for overall economys growth and development. The large scale usage of pesticides is essential for the purpose of ensuring the protection of crops which has been a major issue identified in respect to the performance of the Indian economy. The products supporting crop protection as sold by Nu-Farm should therefore aimed at ed ucating the Indian farmers so that they can efficiently address the adverse performance condition as faced by Indian farmers with respect to their agricultural performance (Indian crop protection industry will grow at 12%, predicts FICCI, 2015). Socio-Cultural Conditions: Apart from the economic conditions and the political conditions affecting the crop protection industry in India, this section of analysis is now focused towards analysing the impact of socio-cultural conditions impacting the performance of such industry. The socio-cultural trend mainly implies the societal values as shared by individuals in the industry. The main customers for the crop protection products are usually the farmers, and it is therefore essential that appropriate strategies should be considered aimed at targeting the farmers. However, an analysis of the socio cultural trend as prevalent in respect to the Indian farmers with respect to the usage of crop protection measures indicate that the Indian farmers are positively acceptable to important measures that ensures the protection of their agriculture, but with respect to the usage of chemicals, it has been assessed that the socio cultural trend as prevalent within Indian farmer implies that they are less attractive with respect to the usage of chemicals (Jha, 2012). An analysis of farmers in India suggests that Indian farmers have started to supplement their agro needs with bio-options and in some cases, they have completely replaced the use of chemical pesticides with biocides. There has been the application of bio product by almost all the farmers in order to give strength to the growth of the plant. This suggests that the Indian farmers have become highly aware of the impact of chemicals in the productivity of their agricultural produce. This leads to their low level of attraction of Indian farmers with respect to the usage of chemicals in their production process. The farmers are becoming smart entrepreneurs in India and they are focused towards using smart and modern methods of farming. There has also been the usage of capital intensive water management solutions that are being utilised by Indian farmers (Jha, 2012). The socio cultural trend therefore indicates that there has been higher level of response rates for the bio efficient products within Indian farmers. This indicates that the attainment of higher level of success can be possible to the organisation such as Nu-Farm by way of focusing extensively towards providing crop protective products that are bio friendly, and does not involve any kinds of chemicals in it. This is mainly because the socio-cultural trend within Indian farmers implies that they do not prefer the usage of chemicals in their agricultural produce. This suggests that Nu-Farm needs to make it sure that the products as offered by it are free from chemicals usage in it. It needs to provide products that can work in ensuring crop safety even when the pesticides become ineffective. The acceptability of farmers with respect to the crop protection products increases when they see that the products are working at their own farm (Jha, 2012). Overall, the socio cultural trends as prevalent within Indian farmers have been quite crucial to Nu-Farm in framing strategies that are aimed at targeting them with its crop protection products. Technological Factor: The implication of technology is evident in respect to every major sector, and its role and importance is also evident in respect to the agricultural industry in particular. The agricultural industry in particular makes use of technology for the purpose of achieving efficient protection of the agricultural produce. There has been the application of cutting edge technology that has been utilised by Indian farmers in order to ensure protection of their agricultural produce from insect, weed or any other issues. There are certain companies in India that accounts for providing high quality and cutting edge technology in ensuring that the Indian farmers are completely benefitted in the process of manufacturing agricultural produce (Reddy, 2012). The role of technology is crucial in agricultural industry of India, and the companies providing efficient technological solutions therefore have the better chances of achieving success in the Indian markets. Nu-Farm specialises in providing crop protective products to farmers, and by way of considering the advanced technological systems to support such crop produce across the country, it could be possible to achieve higher level of growth to the firm in the Indian markets. The acceptability within Indian farmers also suggests that they are acceptable to latest technologies in performing the management of their agricultural produce and this has therefore been a positive factor to Nu-Farm from the point of view of targeting its customers in such Indian markets. Technology has been crucial in every major industry and its significance is also evident in respect to Indian agricultural industry with the positive acceptability as identified within Indian farmers for the same (Crop Protecti on India, 2015). Legal: The legal framework implies about the legal rules and implications that are applicable in respect to the performance of an industry. In respect to the agricultural industry, it is also affected by certain main rules and policies that govern the performance of industry players within such industry. The application of legal implication in respect to the performance of agricultural industry in Indian economy is identified from the fact that there are specific legal legislations that have been developed and they are primarily aimed at guiding the performance of the entire agricultural industry in particular. As for instance, the legal policies and legislations as applicable to the performance of seed and crop protection in India includes the Indian Seed Act and Patent Act that have been passed in 2004. These acts are aimed at regulating the performance of the Indian agricultural industry especially with respect to the protection of crops (Shiva, 2005). The companies that are dealing in India, and supports the protection of crops are therefore required to make sure that they comply with the above indicated laws and legal implications that are applicable. They can ensure the successful performance of their business processes by making it sure that they comply with the norms and policies as indicated within these acts (Rao and Guru, 2010). Apart from the above legal acts that have been introduced recently in India, an analysis indicates that there are various other acts that are applicable from the past, and they have been quite significant from the point of view of regulating the performance of the entire industry. As for instance, the Destructive Insect and Pest Act were passed in 1914 and they were supplemented by other provisions. This suggests that there has been significant level of legal implication over the performance of agriculture industry in India, and the firms operating in the country are therefore required to make it su re that they complies with them in a positive way. As in respect to Nu-Farm, it is required to achieve compliance with these applicable legal implications (Rangaswami and Mahadevan, 1998). Foreign Direct Investment: The foreign direct investment scenario is also crucial to examine before performing the expansion into a particular country. It is mainly the government of an economy that affects the foreign direct investment scenario within the economy as it has specific roles and regulations that governs the flow of foreign direct investment within the economy. In many cases, there has been the consideration of tighter rules and regulations by the Indian government that are aimed at protecting the domestic producers from international players. As in respect to the performance of crop protection industry, it has been analysed that there is no such regulations being imposed by the Indian government with respect to the performance of foreign direct investment by the international companies. FDI in India is permitted to the extent of 100% which suggests that foreign companies such as Nu-Farm can easily perform the expansion of its business process in Indian markets (FDI in a griculture sector is permitted up to 100% under the automatic route, subject to certain conditions mentioned in Consolidated FDI Policy, 2013). The foreign direct investment scenario especially in respect to crop protection sector is identified as open in India as the international companies can positively support their business activities and processes. This is evident from the case example of DuPont which has been a US based company that supports the performance of agriculture in the Indian industry. DuPont Agriculture brings innovative science and solutions aimed at meeting out the challenges faced by farmers today. DuPont provides complete protection with respect to growing crops from any kinds of weeds, insects etc and it has massive level of presence in the Indian economy which suggests that there are no such FDI regulations affecting the performance of foreign companies in India (DuPont, 2015). Financial: The role of financial condition is also crucial in undertaking decisions aimed at expanding the operations of a business. As in the given case, Nu-Farm is considering its expansion in the Indian markets, and this requires an assessment of the financing infrastructure that has been supported across Indian economy. The financing infrastructure is essential so that international businesses can perform the expansion of their business processes and activities in a highly efficient manner. An analysis of the case of Indian economy in particular suggests that the financing infrastructure has been highly supportive as there are various such financing firms that support the businesses undertaken by foreign firms in India. There are financing agencies including micro finance companies that support the performance of international companies in a positive way (Financing Agencies Providing Custom Services To Farmers, 2014). Overall, the analysis above has indicated about the external environment conditions that Nu-Farm is likely to face and it has been assessed that the situation is positive from the point of view of Nu-Farm expanding into Indian markets. Conclusion and Recommendations This part of the report has analysed the external environment conditions as prevalent in India in respect to the decision of Nu-Farm in expanding into the Indian markets. The analysis of the external environment conditions through the important elements of PESTLE analytical tool has indicated that there has been higher level of support that is likely to witness by Nu-Farm from expanding into the Indian markets. The analysis of political, legal and technological environment including the FDI situation has resulted into the identification that these environmental factors positively supports the growth and expansion of Nu-Farm in the Indian markets. Recommendations: Based on the entire analysis as carried out in respect to the external environment affecting the crop protection industry in India, there is certain major recommendations that are considered essential in respect to Nu-Farm in achieving success in its expansion decision to India. These recommendations are indicated as follows: It is recommended that Nu-Farm should make proper level of compliance with the applicable legal acts in Indian agriculture industry. This is mainly because the legal acts are aimed at specifically governing the performance of the crop protection in India. It is also recommended that Nu-Farm should avoid using chemicals in the products that it offers in order to ensure the protection of crops, because the Indian farmers resists against the use of any kinds of chemicals. It is recommended that Nu-Farm should look towards gaining positive level of support by way of aligning its objectives and purposes with that of the governmental goals and policies. This is likely to ensure the attainment of higher growth levels. Since FDI is allowed to the extent of 100%, it is recommended that Nu-Farm should consider its expansion into the Indian markets in a positive way. Based on the implementation of these recommendations, the future scenario of Nu-Farm in India by 2018 would be the efficient performance in the industry in terms of occupying a larger market share in it. References Crop Protection India, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.dupont.co.in/products-and-services/crop-protection.html [Accessed: 08 February 2015]. DuPont, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.dupont.co.in/industries/agriculture.html [Accessed: 08 February 2015]. Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/plantprotec02.htm [Accessed: 08 February 2014]. FDI in agriculture sector is permitted up to 100% under the automatic route, subject to certain conditions mentioned in Consolidated FDI Policy, (2013) [Online]. Available at: https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/fdi-in-agriculture-sector-is-permitted-up-to-100-under-the-automatic-route-subject-to-certain-conditions-mentioned-in-consolidated-fdi-policy-113081400245_1.html [Accessed: 08 February 2015]. Financing Agencies Providing Custom Services To Farmers, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.bankofbaroda.co.in/rur/customerservice_farmers.asp [Accessed: 08 February 2015]. Hill, C. and Jones, G. (2009), Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, 9th ed., Cengage Learning. Indian crop protection industry will grow at 12%, predicts FICCI, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-crop-protection-industry-will-grow-at-12-predicts-ficci-115012101438_1.html [Accessed: 08 February 2015]. Indian Seed Sector, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://seednet.gov.in/material/IndianSeedSector.htm [Accessed: 08 February 2015]. Jha, D. (2012). Biocides to reduce pesticide residual problems in agri commodities': Dhirendra Kumar [Online]. Available at: https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/-biocides-to-reduce-pesticide-residual-problems-in-agri-commodities-dhirendra-kumar-112011500018_1.html [Accessed: 08 February 2015]. Natural Disasters and Crop Protection, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.archive.india.gov.in/citizen/agriculture/index.php?id=29 [Accessed: 08 February 2015]. Nu-Farm, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.Nu-Farm.com/AU/AboutUs [Accessed: 08 February 2015]. Plant Protection, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.archive.india.gov.in/sectors/agriculture/index.php?id=12 [Accessed: 08 February 2015]. Rao, M.B. and Guru, M. (2010), Patent Law in India, Kluwer Law International. Reddy, P.P. (2012), Recent advances in crop protection, Springer Science Business Media. Rangaswami, G. and Mahadevan, A. (1998), Diseases of crop plants in India, 4th ed., PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Shiva, V. (2005). The Indian Seed Act And Patent Act: Sowing The Seeds Of Dictatorship [Online]. Available at: https://www.countercurrents.org/gl-shiva150205.htm [Accessed: 08 February 2015].

African American Female Rappers History. free essay sample

Unfortunately, such a situation does not contribute to the development of really free, liberal and focused on spiritual, moral and intellectual progress of the consumers of the culture. Probably one of the cost interesting, new and, unfortunately, typical example of the domination Of stereotypes in American culture is the development of female black rap music, which has become particularly intensive in 1 sass and is still quite dynamically developing.At first glance black female rap music should be free from traditional stereotypes, it should be innovative and contributing to black female emancipation and increasing the role of black females in the society at large but, in actuality, the situation is absolutely different. Despite the fact that many female rappers pretend to be unique at developing the new image f a free and independent black female, it turns to be that practically all of them, or at least the most popular of them, are ideologically dependent on the male dominance in proper and figurative sense of this word. We will write a custom essay sample on African American Female Rappers History. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It means that as a rule black female rappers tend to create an image which can be well accepted by the wide audience and which is created on the basis of the dominating ideology in American culture, notably in American rap music that is characterized by the male dominance and the role of a black female is so to say secondary or subordinated to a male.As a result, instead of a new image f a black female that could be independent and free of male dominance, rap music industry and the audience have got a negative image of a black female, or an image of a black female that tends to underline her sexuality. The role and images of black female rappers in American rap music industry Speaking about black female rappers, it should be pointed out that their role and the impact on the development of the culture of African Americans and American culture at large should not be underestimated.Regardless the fact that many of black female rappers were created due to the male rappers they still undi stributed to the progress of rap music industry and introduced something new and founded a basis for further development of rap music among black females on the professional level. The development of black female rappers as a strong power in rap music and culture has started in sass and nowadays it is still popular and interesting.Black female rappers may be viewed differently but their importance for music and culture cannot be denied. At this respect it should be pointed out that many cultural and music critics praise raps role as an educational tool, point out that black women papers are examples of aggressive pro-venom lyricists in popular music, and defend raps ghetto stories as real life reflections that should draw attention to the burning of racism and economic oppression, rather than to question of obscenity (Rose 1994, 1). At the same time, on analyzing the development of black female rappers, it should be said there could be clearly defined two main trends, which have been typical for black female rappers since sass. Initially, black female rappers had to wear the same clothes as men, curse with the same intonation, and adopt a harsh mentality that didnt place much alee on feminine instincts (Nelson 1 998, 188) that was actually a natural consequence of male domination in rap music and culture at large.On the other hand, later a new trend has become popular. Black females broke ground using sex or feminine image which was deliberately underlined. As Nelson George points out, most commercially successful female group (and one of raps bestselling act of any gender) began as slightly chubby B-girls who have evolved into glamour girls, and have been talking about sex since 1986 (1998, 185). Quite noteworthy is the fact that many female rappers used similar themes in their songs.Nonetheless, it is impossib le to objectively evaluate the role of black female rappers without analysis of the work of the most outstanding black female rappers. One of the most popular and well known black female rappers, whose contribution in the development of rap music is undoubted, is Dana Owens, better known as Queen Latish. By the way her adapted Arabic name Latish is quite symbolic and means beautiful, sensitive, kind. She became popular in 1 989 with her hit single Ladies First.According to Monica Lynch, the Tommy Boy executive who put Latish on, the song signaled the empowerment of a new breed of female Macs (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 52). In fact this song arrived quite in time because it came at a period in rap when many female rappers were just disusing one another but not doing the same to their sexist male counterparts. In such a situation her album All Hail was not a sort of an album traditional for black female rappers of that time but it was an album of a woman who was not afraid to confront sexist and disrespectful behavior.As the matter of fact, Queen Latish has managed to put the right messages at the right time for, as many c ritics underlined, the topic of empowerment for the ladies made a big impact on many socially, including capturing the attention of hip-hop journalists debating and documenting the female perspective (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 53). Moreover, her trend to underline female independence and equality often provoked discussions about her heterosexuality and often she was asked whether she was a gay or not.However, Queen Latish was not very successful from commercial point of view for she has got only one gold record but financial side of the business was obviously not the most important in her contribution to the development Of black female rap music. In fact she is an excellent example of positive female representation in rap music since her image is traditionally perceived as positive. As Trench said she represents black women power. Thats why all the ladies were behind her whether they were rap fans or not (Hip Hop Ladies 2001, 56).Unfortunately, Queen Latish is a rare exception with her social and spiritual aims superior to financial ones which were basic for the vast majority of black female rappers later. Another significant personality among black female rappers is Sister Soulful. In fact she is a very gifted person who managed to apply her talent and knowledge in different fields though she is traditionally thought of as a controversial American hip-hop generation author, activist, recording artist, and film producer (Collins 2000, 221 Obviously her talent as a rapper was probably the most significant in her life.It was she who was the female voice of hip-hop formation Public Enemy and her first solo album 360 Degrees of Power was released in 1992. At the same time, it should be pointed out that she was really quite a controversial person, for instance, on commenting the Los Angels riots, she said quite a provoking phrase: If black people kill black people every day, why not have a week and kill white people? (Collins 2000, 222).This statement, being severely criticized by the President Bill Clinton, inspired the creation of the first Sister Soulful moment. However, in late sass she basically focused on her literary career and published her autobiography No Disrespect (1995) and the novel The Coldest Winter Ever (1999). Nonetheless, in her work both as a rapper and as a writer she raised disturbing problems of racial inequality, which sometimes simply overshadow another problem the problem of equality and ruin of stereotypes concerning black females.Nonetheless, Sister Soulful represents relatively new generation of black female rappers while there is a very important figure in the black female movement, which produced a very serious impact on the development of rap music at large and its female branch in particular, and she is MAC Late. Actually she is one of the major black female rappers. Moreover, she was the first who received the gold album. She started her music career very early when she was only 12 and soon after that she signed a contract with First Priority that was obviously a great success for a young African American girl.Naturally she continued her career and she leased her debut album Late as a Rock in 1988 when she was 17 only. It was really a great success but what was really important for her and for black female rappers was the fact that it was a good example for other black female rappers to follow. At the same time, there was also a great danger in it because in such an age she could hardly realize the importance of the message she gave to the audience while her commercial success was not less significant than her success as a rapper.The years to follow she managed to make a guest appearance on a remix of Sinned OConnor l wants your hands on me, which became a dance hit. In sass she continued to release her albums. It is quite noteworthy that she collaborated with other black female rappers such as Missy Elliott Cold Rock a Party. Naturally, her work and her success could not remain unmarked and in December 2004 she was inducted as an honorary member into Sigma Gamma RYO Sorority Inc. In such a way, MAC Late contributed greatly to the development of black female rappers and achieved great results at the very young age.As for her collaborator, Missy Elliott, she was also a very significant personality in the black female rapper music. Actually, she is one of the first female hip hop operators. Among her hits may be named The Rain (Sups Dupe Fly). Shes a Bitchy, Get LIRA Freak On, Lose Control, and Work It. Quite remarkably she started as a singer and songwriter in an R;B group called Siesta though it should be emphasized that her friend Timothy DC Timmy Tim, the producer of her group produced a significant impact on her creative work and her image. Then she continued her career cooperating with Swing Mob, and later Timberland.Elliot and Timberland crafted hit singles for a number of artists between 1995-1997. As a solo rapper, Elliott began her career as a treated vocalist on Gina Thompson The Things You Do and MAC Lets 1996 single Cold Rock a Party. Her debut album was released in 1997, was Sups Dupe Fly, a blockbuster hit that established Missy Elliott as a major force in popular music. It is very important that Sups Dupe Fly was accepted positively by critics though some critics commented that the album tracks, some of which sampled Missy/Monies hits such as Can We and One in a Million, were far inferior to the singles (S exton 1 995, 257). 997 was marked by Elliott perform on Ill Skims girl-power anthem, a hit remix of her song, Not Tonight that obviously underlined her music work as a black female rapper. The next year, she continued her successful music career by writing and producing Totals single Tripping. Missy Elitists second album, Dad Real World (1999) was just as successful as the first as well as Miss So Addictive in 2001.In fact she is very productive and among the albums which were successful may be also named Under Construction (2002), This Is Not a Test (2003), The Cookbook (2005) and she still remains to be popular so that Missy Elliott is still as widely recognized and respected by her peers, mainstream, and underground as ever (Cheney 2005, 410). Moreover, her achievements and success were rewarded and in November 2005, Missy Elliott won Best Female Hip Hop Artist at the 2005 American Music Awards, defeating, by the way, Ill Kim, another famous black female rapper.However, her success was great, but t he quality of her work was probably sacrificed for the sake of commercial success. In such a way commerce has started to prevail over the message the black female rapper, namely Missy Elliott, conveyed to the audience. This trend has become even more obvious in the creative work of Ill Kim who was probably the most commercially successful f all females in the rap industry. On the other hand, Ill Kim was the best at selling the sex image.It is very important to underline that she was introduced to the hip-hop community via the all-male crew Junior Mafia and with a successful introduction in place and her mentor/lover The Notorious B. I. G. Right behind her, Kim locked down the rap world from many (female) competitors for a very long time (Evans 1994, 216). On analyzing her work, it is easy to realize that Ill Kim exploited sexuality to create an image of sweetheart that was to a significant extent the result of her personal need to e loved. It is a well-known fact that Kim left home too soon and this is why she had to hustle men in order to support herself. At that time always had a man to take care of me she remembers. Sometimes, if thought I could get some money out of a guy, Id sleep with. And I got kind caught in that mentality (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 133). Soon she starts transporting drugs lives to boyfriend to boyfriend, learning hard lessons, getting betrayed (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 133). Naturally all these facts from her biography reflected in her creative work and her image where sexuality was particularly significant, hill morality obviously played a secondary role after commercial success.Despite this fact, she was very popular and her debut on Junior Mafias Players Anthem left many rap fans captivated with her raw style and lyrical abilities. When her first album was released she was characterized as the dopiest female MAC thats coming out ever (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 134). It is very important that, being an outstanding black female rapper, Ill Kim was supported by her boyfriend and male rapper Biggie who gave her a lot of help, though mainly at the beginning of her career.But even though his role as started to decline, when the real success has come, the death of Biggie produced a very serious impact on her creative work and she delayed the release of her second album The Notorious for three years. These facts underline the role of male in the progress of black female rappers career and the emphasis on sexuality in Ill Skims career and her image are extremely contrasting to what Queen Laths promotion of black female independence and freedom from stereotypes.Nonetheless, Ill Kim is unique and there has been no female solo artists before as successful as Kim in being raw and owing exactly what male rappers have done to be s uccessful. At the same time, she revealed that black female rappers tend to give the audience the image which is to a significant extent stereotyped and black female independence promoted in sass is gradually replaced by striving for commercial success by all means.In such a way, black female rappers being significantly similar to each other possess their unique characteristics and in general they played an important role in the development of rap music though their image as well as the message they convey to the audience were and remain to be quite controversial. Feminists discourse in rap music To fully realize the controversial character of black female rappers it is necessary to analyses in details their messages and their feminists discourse, which they represent in their creative work.In fact there may be singled out two main trends in the image and style of black female rappers. On the one hand, there are female rappers which attempt to imitate their male counterparts they just tend to be like male rappers, wearing similar clothes, using similar language and style. On the other hand, there are black female rappers which are sometimes defined as a fly-girl leading a very sexually active lifestyle and promoting this image, which becomes their second nature, to the audience. Among such black female rappers may be named MAC Late and Ill Kim.It should be underlined that often, especially in sass, black female rappers were playing in the sexist arena but the promotion of a black female as an independent female who can live her own way withou t males influence and support was quite rare and sometimes resulted in discussions concerning sexual orientation of a rapper as it was in the case of Queen Latish described above. In contrast, many black female rappers were often rasher to one another than to male rappers that naturally did not contributed to the promotion of a positive image of black female rappers at large. Furthermore, an important role for black female rappers played the female audience because, as one of the rappers singled out Women will be your worst critics, but also your biggest fans. The first group of people you goat get are the women. You cant do that by dismissing, and you cant do it by threatening them (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 34). In such a situation, it was strategically important to gain respect and popularity among female audience iris that cannot be fully done by black female rappers through disusing one another.These were the trends that were typical for 1 9805 though present in sass but what has really become the main trend during 1 sass was the increased role of commercial success, which overshadowed all other aspects of black female rappers creative work. In such a situation get rich mentality that has begun to dominate rap music, many artists lose consciousness of the art and will sell garbage in exchange for money (Collins 2000, 348). Unfortunately, many black female rappers simply forgot what their life was like before success had come. As a result the negative image of black female image was promoted by black female rappers and the situation has hardly changed since sass when the black female rappers movement got started to be particularly significant. Moreover, in sass the situation became even worse. The primary concern they were contributing to and continue to do so is making money regardless moral aspects, ideas and messages they convey to their audience through their work and their image.Such a situation is particularly dramatic because many black female rappers exploit sexuality and sexual image and often these females possess good rhyming skills that ere hidden behind pornographic talk because this is what their mentors were producing (Evans 1994, 303). Furthermore, the negative image that is promoted is not the only drawback of black female rappers concerning feminism and emancipation of black female in American society and culture.The fact, which has already been underlined above, that many of them started at a very young age resulted in the lack of consciousness of their mission as representatives Of pop music, of art and primarily as representatives of probably the most deprived part of American society black males which, in order to be really independent and equal to other members of society, have to use all opportunities to promote their positive image, not negative one.Naturally as teenagers, these young black female rappers were mainly concerned with the money they were making than with the image they were portraying and they could hardly be aware of black feminist movement or womanish ideology. At the same time it was quite natural that their discourse and the message they send to their audience was significantly influenced by surrounding reality and mass culture, which, as it has been already emphasized, were full of stereotypes and there were a lot of prejudices concerning black female and their image.Moreover being too young, they could not think absolutely independently. This is why they tended to create the image the audience traditionally expected from them such as exaggerated sexuality and basically negative image. In such a situation there remained little or even no room for feminist ideology and wider representation of real black female image, which was significantly different from stereotyped view on them.In other words, they did not fully realize the opportunity to change public opinion in relation to black females, on the contrary they Only reinforced the negative image mistakenly perceived by the vast majority of the audience as traditional and typical for bla ck females. Probably because of their age they could not act otherwise but at the same time it is necessary to realize that such a situation has not gone to the past.Moreover, now the black female rappers discourse tends to be far from what may be treated as really feminist discourse oriented on the protection and promotion of rights of black females, in contrast sexuality and servile emphasis on the audiences stereotypes are promoted and what is even worse new black female rappers choose such an image and use similar discourse over and over again. As a result portraying controlling images, being ruinous for black female rappers as representatives of black feminist movement, are getting to be more and more popular and widely spread nowadays.The dominant sexual and racial ideologies in American culture A logical question that arises, when the situation with black female rappers is analyzed, is the question concerning the reasons of such a discourse which obviously lacks feminists promotion and is rather subordinated to troopers. In addition to the reasons mentioned in previous chapter, it should be said that black female rappers willingly or not are a part of American culture and consequently they are subordinated to the dominant ideologies which are accepted by the vast majority of American society and which, in fact, they should change but currently they fail to.It is an undeniable fact that the dominant sexual and racial ideologies in American culture are very discriminating in relation to black females and consent neatly bl ack female rappers had to obey to these ideologies in order to gain popularity of he possibly wider audience but, on the other hand, it is necessary to realize that by doing so they can hardly gain real respect neither the audience at large nor black females in particular.Speaking about the dominant ideologies it is necessary to clearly realize that they are developed and belong to white males and the changes that got started in American society are too slow to change the dominant ideology somehow. Naturally, in such a situation, black female rappers has a little choice to do and their choice in favor of popularity, even though it weakens dramatically black female movement, is quite pragmatic and natural.It is noteworthy to refer to George Nelson who estimated that for much of hip-hops history, it has been a truism that the male rap consumer, white and black, simply wont accept females (1998, 185). In fact rap has always been considered a private and male dominant space. This is why at the beginning it was extremely difficult for black female rappers to gain success and the breakthrough made in mid-sass was particularly significant.Remarkably, this breakthrough coincided with the work of such a black female rapper as Queen Latish who was probably the most eager rapper who strives for promotion of an image of a black female efferent from standardized and this image was obviously very successful for her as an artist but not in commercial aspect. However, such a position of Queen Latish and to a certain extent similar to her MAC Late led to their severe critique and it is significant that the females who get the most respect in hip-hops primarily male domain Queen Latish and MAC Late are relentlessly dogged by rumors that they are lesbians.Whether these rumors are true or not, the message is evident: a female cant be tough or strong or clear or exceptionally skillful at hip-hop unless she has sacrificed the thing hat makes her a real girl (Smith 1 995, 127). Furthermore, as Trivia Rose estimates, such female rappers often felt that they were being used as a political baton to beat male rappers over the head, rather than being affirmed as women who could open up public dialogue to interrogate sexism and its effect on young black women (1 994, 150).Naturally, it is impossible to speak about equality and independence of black female rappers and their creative work since, being few compared to the mass of male rappers, they could hardly change stereotypes and dominant ideologies in a day, a year or even a aced because as a rule they have been viewed as interlopers either butch anomalies or cute novelties who by some fluke infiltrated a boys game (Light 1999, 177). On facing such a resistance, from the part of the mass audience influenced by the dominant sexual and racial ideologies in American culture black female rappers, as one of them Kid-N-Play said, have to work twice as hard [as males] to get half the credit (Rose 1994, 146). As a result, it is not surprising that many black female rappers are harsher to one another than to male rappers that may be also explained by low number of lack female rappers compared to males and by their intention to please the predominantly male audience for the sake of commercial success.This often led to limiting female rap songs to verbal catfishes and the typical battle Of the sexes, especially in 1 sass. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that since sass there have been TV main ways on which black female rappers could achieve success. On the one hand, there is the l am as tough and as good just as the next man role but very few black female rappers have chosen this way to success, though those who have chosen it are the most respected.On the other hand, there is an alternative that the majority of black female rappers have chosen and nowadays it gets to be more and more popular, is simply to sell sexual images that is not surprising because it is acceptable by the dominating male ideology in the industry for that sex sells is the first axiom of advertising, and sexual ads are everywhere. And in order to titillate a sexually jaded society, you have to push the boundaries. You have to be a bit more brazen than the last hot little number, a little more edgy (Bradford et al. 1999, 72) and this is exactly what many of black female rappers are currently doing to be successful.Unfortunately, the dominant sexual and racial ideologies in American culture result in the situation when portraying African-American women as stereotypical mummies, matriarchs, welfare recipients, and hot mommas helps justify US black womens oppression These controlling images are designed to make racism, sexism, poverty, and other forms of social injustice appear to be natural, normal, and inevitable parts of everyday life (Collins 2000, 70). Moreover, often black female rappers are portrayed as hutchies since men allowed many of them to rap. Hutchies is a term used by Joan Morgan in her book When ChickenheartedCome Home to Roost (2000) and it signifies women who use sex to get what they want from men. An example of such a type of black female rappers is Ill Kim. Consequently, the controlling image of black females becomes more and more widely spread and in general it is influenced by the dominant sexual and racial ideologies in which males play the main role and the desire to achieve commercial success force black females to create images the most attractive for the wide audience but unfortunately it results in the creation of an extremely negative image of black female that is very dangerous for the progress of black feminist movement.Conclusion: the future of black females in American rap music Thus, taking into considerations all above mentioned, it is possible to presuppose the future of black females in American culture at large and rap music in particular. The recent trends in the development of black female rap a re quite disturbing, particularly an unparalleled centralization of the industry, but it is necessary to point out that the similar trends are typical not only for females but for males as well as for other industries of pop culture.Nonetheless, this trend is basically the result of male dominated ideology that makes the progress of black female rappers to as effective as it could be. Furthermore, the perspective development of black female rap music would probably enhance this trend that would naturally lead to further exploitation of sexual images that would not improve the general image of black females which is now rather negative, according to the current images of black female rappers. On the other hand, there is still some room for hope to change the negative image of black females would eventually vanish due to the creation of new image of a real black female which has nothing in common that conservative and stereotypical dominant male ideologies tend to promote. Fortunately, this presupposition is not purely hypothetical but, on the contrary, it is quite realizable and the growing number of black female rappers is significant evidence in favor of such a perspective.

Federalist Number 18 essays

Federalist Number 18 essays I agree with Madison and Hamilton on federalist paper number eighteen. The main point of the paper is to stress, that if the thirteen colonies dont have some sort of laws amongst themselves they will never survive without fighting each other. Congress is unable to control all thirteen colonies and keep them from fighting. In the paper he compares the present day Confederation of the United States to that of ancient Greeces Amphictyonic council. The amphictyonic council of Greece had general authority to propose and resolve whatever it though necessary for the common welfare to Greece; decide to declare and carry on war; to decide all controversies between its members; to fine the aggressing party; to employ the whole force of the confederacy against the disobedient; and to admit new members. This seemed to work for some short time. This only lasted until the powers, much like those of todays congress were administered. This led to the destruction of the confederacy. After this separate members began to take over and run for several years. These members never stuck together in any situation. Even in the middle of wars they didnt pull together to help or support each other. They instead began tot urn on each other. The powerful members became jealous of each others powers and ambition, there were some members that didnt take part at all, and the smaller members were too weak to help out in any situation. The Achaean league was another society of Grecian Republics formed. This league was somewhat better than the ones before it. The union was far more intimate and its organization was much wiser. They had a senate who they assigned jobs too much like the present congress. It came to a point where one person was left in charge of the whole union and this did not work out. As you can see all of these methods failed. Much like those of today. If we do not have a strong central agency to pul...

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